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This is of particular concern in the Arctic, where black carbon deposits are believed to increase the rate at which snow and ice is melting. Black carbon is produced through the incomplete combustion of fossil fuels and despite remaining in the atmosphere for just a few days or weeks, black carbon may have the second-largest warming effect on the atmosphere, after carbon dioxide.
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On top of these GHG emissions, black carbon - more commonly known as soot - is another pollutant released by gas flares. The gas could be put to good use and potentially displace other more polluting fuels, such as coal and diesel, that generate higher emissions per energy unit. On this basis, the annual CO2 equivalent emissions are increased by nearly 100 million tons.įlaring is, of course, totally unproductive and can be avoided far more easily than many other sources of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. This is particularly so in the short to medium term as, according to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, methane is over 80 times more powerful than carbon dioxide as a warming gas on a 20-year timeframe. The methane emissions resulting from the inefficiency of the flare combustion contribute significantly to global warming. Thousands of gas flares at oil production sites worldwide burned approximately 144 billion cubic meters of gas in 2021. Assuming a ‘typical’ associated gas composition, a flare combustion efficiency of 98% and a Global Warming Potential for methane of 25, each cubic meter of associated gas flared results in about 2.8 kilograms of CO2 equivalent emissions, resulting in over 400 million tons of CO2 equivalent emissions annually. What are the environmental impacts of gas flaring? GGFR works with governments to help create the right policies and regulations so that routine flaring comes to an end and the associated gas is used for productive purposes. Additionally, regulations that impose penalties on companies that flare gas may not always be effective at curtailing the practice, and especially if flaring and paying a penalty is more economically viable than capturing the gas and selling it. This creates legal ambiguity on how associated gas should be processed. In other instances, regulations may not specify how associated gas is to be handled commercially. For example, a company may have secured the rights to extract oil, but they may not own the associated gas produced during extraction. However, a country's laws and regulations might make it difficult for, or even forbid, companies from selling associated gas. In some cases, it is economically and technically feasible to capture and utilize associated gas. However, this too is not always feasible despite recent technological advances. Sometimes, where it's not possible to utilize the gas, the local geology will allow it to be conserved by re-injection back into the reservoir.
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In these instances, the associated gas is typically flared. Additionally, if oil production sites are small and dispersed over a large geographic area, capturing and using the associated gas is often viewed as prohibitively expensive. This can make it logistically and economically challenging to transport associated gas to where it can be processed and utilized. These sites are hard to access, and they may not produce consistent or large volumes of associated gas that operators can use. In many cases, oil fields are located in remote and inaccessible places. Gas flaring allows operators to de-pressurize their equipment and manage unpredictable and large pressure variations by burning any excess gas. Industrial accidents involving oil and gas, though rare, can result in destructive, dangerous, and long-lasting fires that are difficult to contain and control. During crude oil extraction, a sudden or dramatic increase in pressure could cause an explosion. Extracting and processing oil and gas involves dealing with exceptionally high, and changeable, pressures.
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Flaring may be required for safety reasons.
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